How to Use Antibiotics Safely: Rules Everyone Should Know

Reviewed by Dr Asma

Antibiotics have saved millions of lives, yet in Pakistan they are also among the most misused medicines. People take them for every cough, cold and fever, stop them as soon as they feel better, or share leftover strips with family. This slowly creates bacteria that no longer respond to treatment, which doctors call antibiotic resistance. Knowing how to use antibiotics safely protects you today and protects your family’s treatment options tomorrow.

What antibiotics can and cannot do

Antibiotics kill or stop the growth of bacteria. They do nothing against viruses. Most coughs, colds, sore throats and many cases of flu are caused by viruses, so an antibiotic will not make them go away faster. It can, however, cause side effects such as diarrhoea, stomach upset, rashes and yeast infections.

If you are unsure whether your illness is viral, our guide on cold versus flu explains the differences, and the article on sinusitis shows why even a blocked nose does not always need antibiotics.

When antibiotics are actually needed

A doctor may prescribe an antibiotic when a bacterial infection is likely or confirmed. Common examples include:

• Urinary tract infections. See our article on UTI in women for symptoms and prevention.
• Bacterial tonsillitis or strep throat. Read about tonsillitis and sore throat.
• Pneumonia and some chest infections.
• Typhoid fever and some skin or ear infections.

Only a doctor can decide this, usually after examining you and sometimes after a test. Pharmacies in Pakistan should dispense antibiotics only against a prescription, and a good pharmacist will ask you for it.

Golden rules for using antibiotics safely

1. Never take them without a prescription

Do not pick an antibiotic because it worked for a neighbour or because you took it last year. The right antibiotic depends on the infection, the age of the patient, allergies, pregnancy, kidney or liver conditions and other medicines.

2. Take them exactly as written

Follow the doctor’s instructions for how often, how long, and whether to take the medicine with or without food. Set phone alarms so that you do not miss a time. Spacing matters because the medicine needs to stay at a steady level in your body.

3. Finish the course, unless your doctor tells you to stop

Feeling better after two days does not mean all bacteria are gone. Stopping early can let the stronger bacteria survive and return, often harder to treat. The one exception is when you develop a serious reaction, in which case you should stop and contact a doctor or emergency service straight away.

4. Do not share or save leftovers

An antibiotic prescribed for you was chosen for your infection, your body and your weight. Taking someone else’s tablets, or keeping a few for next time, is risky. Dispose of any unused medicine properly and check our tips on storing medicines at home.

5. Do not ask for stronger antibiotics by default

A stronger or newer antibiotic is not always better. Doctors choose the narrowest effective option to protect your gut and to keep stronger drugs available for serious infections.

Common side effects and what to do

Mild stomach upset, loose stools or a metallic taste are common and usually settle. Eating curd or yoghurt may help your gut, and drinking plenty of fluids is useful. Speak to your doctor if diarrhoea is severe or lasts long, because some antibiotics can disturb the gut badly. If you notice vomiting that stops you keeping the medicine down, tell your doctor so they can change the plan.

Seek urgent medical help for signs of allergy such as swelling of the face or lips, difficulty breathing, widespread rash or itching. Tell every doctor and pharmacist about any past allergy to antibiotics, especially penicillin.

Special situations

• Children: the choice and amount depend on age and weight, so only use what the paediatrician has prescribed. Measure liquid medicines with the supplied cup or syringe, not a kitchen spoon.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: some antibiotics are safe and others are not. Always mention pregnancy to your doctor.
• Kidney or liver disease: these may need adjustments, so inform your doctor.
• Other medicines: antibiotics can interact with blood thinners, some heart medicines and contraceptives. Share your full medicine list.

How you can help stop antibiotic resistance

Wash your hands often, keep your vaccinations up to date, cook food properly and drink safe water. These simple steps prevent infections, which means fewer antibiotics are needed in the first place. Our child vaccination schedule guide is a good place to start for parents.

Buying from a trusted pharmacy

Always buy antibiotics from a licensed pharmacy with your prescription so you get genuine, unexpired medicine. You can browse related items in the severe bacterial infections and throat infection and tonsillitis categories. Free delivery applies to orders above Rs 10,000.

When to call your doctor

Go back to your doctor if you have no improvement within two to three days, if the fever returns, if symptoms get worse, or if you develop a rash, severe diarrhoea or any unusual symptom while on treatment.

Frequently asked questions

Can I take antibiotics for a viral fever?

No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses. Taking them unnecessarily only adds side effects and promotes resistance.

What if I miss a dose?

Take it when you remember unless it is almost time for the next one. Never double up. If you are unsure, ask your pharmacist or doctor.

Can I drink milk or eat dairy with antibiotics?

It depends on the medicine. Some antibiotics should not be taken close to milk, antacids or iron and calcium supplements. Read the leaflet or ask your pharmacist.

Is it fine to stop if I feel better?

Not unless your doctor says so. Finish the full course as prescribed.

Do probiotics help during antibiotics?

Some people find yoghurt or probiotics helpful for loose stools. Ask your doctor what suits you.

Disclaimer: This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for medical advice. Please consult a qualified doctor or pharmacist before starting or changing any treatment.